Nutritional Sources and Salinity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2546 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Nutrition Essay Did you like this example? Abstract In the laboratory, Serratia marcescens was utilized to test Growth and Prodigiosin production under various environmental factors. The environmental conditions were temperature, pH, oxygen availability, nutritional sources, and salinity. The temperatures tested were 4 degrees Celsius, 25 degrees Celsius, and 65 degrees Celsius, and the pH values were (3, 7, 11). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nutritional Sources and Salinity" essay for you Create order The carbon source was maltose and glucose. The salinity measurements consisted of 0.1% NaCl, 1.0% NaCl, and 3.0% NaCl. Lastly, the oxygen requirement was tested by using two groups, one group was tested using aeration (shaking), and one group was tested with no aeration (no shaking). The results indicate that optimal growth was experienced at a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius, a pH of 7, NaCl concentration of 0.1% and no aeration. Prodigiosin production was affected under most of the same conditions, for example, it experienced optimal growth at a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius, a pH of 7, and the same carbon source. However, results differ because Prodigiosin production experiences a higher rate at a salt concentration of 3% NaCl, and, under conditions of no aeration. Introduction Serratia marcescens is a pathogenic bacterium that invades humans and mimics the red color of blood making it hard to detect. S. marcescens was once considered a harmless saprophyte, which is a type of microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter. However, S. marcescens is now recognized as a significant opportunistic pathogen which has a tendency to create healthcare related infection and antimicrobial resistance (Herra and Falkiner 1984). Prodigiosin is an antifungal red pigment produced by S. marcescens, it holds antibacterial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, however, it is used primarily as a biochemical tool (NCBI 2014). Although bacteria are highly adaptable in nature, which is why they are found in nearly every place on earth, certain environmental conditions affect optimal growth for different types of bacteria. For instance, most disease-causing bacteria thrive in warm temperatures, which is why the human body provides an ideal environment for many types of bacteria to grow. On the other hand, some bacteria are able to survive in freezing temperatures of 5 degrees Celsius, yet other types of bacteria would not survive in temperatures below 60 degrees Celsius (Wagner 2008). In another way, optimal growth of bacteria is affected by pH. pH is used to classify the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, pH values range from 1.0 (very acidic) to 14.0 (very basic). Most bacterium grow best around a neutral pH value (7). However, some bacteria thrive in very basic conditions, yet some can tolerate a pH of 1.0 (Blamire 2000). Carbon sources also play a significant role in the growth of bacteria. Carbon is known as the structural backbone of organic compounds, and each carbon source may support different bacterial growth rates. Salinity is the amount of salt dissolved in an amount of water, the percent of sodium chloride present in the solution used for this lab accounts for the salinity. Because bacteria are extraordinarily diverse, certain types of bacteria thrive in salty environments while others do not. For example, research suggests that S. Marcescens is highly adaptable to salty environments and can continue to reproduce under harsh conditions (classified as 80 g/L) and extreme conditions (classified as 100 g/L salt concentrations) (Ketola and Hiltunen 2014). On the other hand, oxygen requirements, also known as aeration or no aeration play an important role in the growth of bacteria. Aeration is believed to stimulate the growth of bacteria because it provides much needed oxygen to the environment f or bacteria to use for growth and development (Mattick 1940). Such environmental conditions affect the metabolic functioning of bacteria, and as a result the growth of the cell. S. marcescens is a bacterium which, like many others, requires a relatively warm temperature, neutral pH, and a low salt concentration to experience optimal growth. The objectives of this laboratory are to develop an experiment which will test the impact of environmental conditions on the growth of S. Marcescens and prodigiosin, to understand how different experimental conditions affect bacterial growth and prodigiosin production, and to gain a better understanding of the stages of the bacterial growth curve the production of prodigiosin throughout the growth cycle of S. Marcescens. In order to address each objective, students were separated into groups and each group focused on one environmental condition. This allowed each group to fully test and experiment the possible implications of their environmental condition. For each group, a proper lab protocol was created and followed accordingly. After testing the condition through a series of experiments, each group recorded their dat a and made it available to all other groups. In order to obtain the most thorough results possible, and to ensure the experiment was carried out as accurately as possible, it is important to generate hypotheses which can be compared to the acquired end results. For instance, the null hypothesis for temperature expects that temperature will not have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens or Prodigiosin production. While the alternative hypothesis for temperature expects that temperature will have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production. The null hypothesis for pH expects that pH values will not have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens or Prodigiosin production. And, the alternative hypothesis claims pH values will have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production. The null hypothesis for the carbon source condition expects that different carbon sources will not have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens or Prodigiosin production. While the alternative hypothesis for the carbon source condition expects that carbon sources will cause an increase or decrease on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production. The null hypothesis for the NaCl concentration condition, also known as salinity, expects that sodium chloride concentrations will not affect the growth of S. marcescens or Prodigiosin production. However, the alternative hypothesis expects that differing sodium chloride concentrations will cause and increase/decrease on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production. The null hypothesis for the oxygen requirement Suggests that there will be no difference in the growth of S. marcescens and Prodigiosin production due to aeration or no aeration. While the alternative hypothesis suggests that depending on the condition, aeration or no aeration, an effect on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production will occur. The null hypothesis in each condition suggests that no change will occur, regardless of the environmental condition. The primary purpose of the null hypothesis is for scientists to reject or disprove it, it is impossible to accept the null hypothesis, in a scenario where the null hypothesis is not rejected, it would simply be said that it failed to be rejected. And, the alterative hypothesis is simply the opposite of the null hypothesis. Materials and Methods The environmental condition tested in this experiment was oxygen requirement. The oxygen requirement refers to the practice of using aeration (shaking) or no aeration (no shaking) during the experiment. Aeration is important because it provides oxygen to bacteria, and it is commonly believed that aeration helps to increase optimal growth/prodigiosin production. In order to carry out this experiment and to test the effects of aeration/no aeration, the lab group had to utilize a machine called a Spectrophotometer. Sterile technique was used to remove 2mL of fresh media which was then pipetted into two cuvettes and set as blanks. Sterile technique was used again to remove 2 ml of each of the S. Marcescens cultures, Culture a which was shaken at 30 C, and Culture b which was not shaken at 30 C, into a cuvette. The spectrophotometer was set to 499 wavelength and measurements were recorded for each culture group after blanking. Next, the spectrophotometer was set to read absorbances at 600 wavelength and measurements were recorded for each culture after blanking. These steps were repeated every 30 minutes for the course of 180 minutes. Finally, after obtaining all necessary measurements, each S. Marcescens culture was returned to their respective incubators. The full dataset obtained through this group can be found in Figures 5 10. This group found that bacterial growth was higher when no aeration was implemented, and prodigiosin production experienced a higher rate during no aeration as well. The equation A499/(OD600 x 5.8108 cell/ml x 2 ml)= units of prodigiosin per cell was utilized to calculate prodigiosin production. Results The graphs pictured above show a complete summary of all the data collected throughout the experiment. Each graph shows data points that were collected and recorded every 30 minutes throughout the testing period, for both Growth and Prodigiosin Production. For temperature, the graph (Figure 1) indicates that optimal bacterial growth was reached at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. Yet, growth was more consistent at a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius, this in agreement with the idea that most bacteria tend to thrive in environments of higher temperatures. However, consistency alone is not effective at drawing a proper conclusion, so due to the growth curve, 25 degrees provides for optimal growth. Likewise, optimal growth was reached when the pH stayed at 7 consistently. This result was expected as many bacteria, including S. marcescens, thrive in neutral conditions. And, S. marcescens remained constant throughout the carbon source experiment, there was no rapid increase/decrease o f S. marcescens, this can be expected due to the fact that carbon is a substance found in all organic matter and is the backbone of all living organisms. Next, it was revealed that optimal growth was reached when the concentration of NaCl was at 0.1% NaCl, again, this is expected as most bacteria are not able to survive in environments that are high in NaCl. Lastly, it was determined that S. marcescens reached optimal growth under conditions of no aeration, this is different than what was expected as it is believed that aeration provides stimulation for growing bacteria. Prodigiosin production experienced a more significant increase at a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius and a pH of 7, the same temperature and pH which was consistent with optimal bacterial growth. And, carbon source also remained the same throughout this part of the experiment. However, salinity experienced a significant shift, for instance, growth was more optimal at an NaCl concentration of 0.1%, yet prodigiosin production experienced a higher rate at 3.0% NaCl. While prodigiosin production did decrease with aeration, there was a more significant decrease in no aeration, this is contradictive to the Aeration vs. Growth graph, and in agreement with scientific research. Discussion The objective of this experiment was to test the effect of various environmental conditions and on the growth and Prodigiosin production of S. Marcescens. In order to efficiently and accurately detect any possible change that these environmental conditions had we composed two different hypotheses, a null and an alternative. The null hypotheses suggest that the various factors would not significantly alter the amount of growth or Prodigiosin production. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis speculated that each of the environmental conditions would significantly change the growth or Prodigiosin production of the S. Marcescens in comparison to the bacterial scientific conventional wisdom. While this numerical change in the alternative hypothesis was not initially mentioned, it would later be calculated following the completion of the experiment. Following the experiment and analysis of data, the results were both revealing and expected. In the end, each of the environmental con ditions had an effect on growth and Prodigiosin production, some of these effects were expected, while others came as a surprise, such as the observation that no aeration provided more optimal growth for S. Marcescens. As it was aforementioned in the results paragraph, some of the manipulated variables yielded results parallel to the umbrella beliefs on optimal bacteria growth. The S. Marcescens had the highest optimal growth when exposed to a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius (Figure 1). It was revealed that optimal growth occurred at 65 degrees Celsius, and at a pH of 7. This is consistent with scientific data that suggests a neutral pH and high temperature are optimal conditions for bacterial growth (Herra and Falkiner 1984). In a similar sense, results showed that optimal growth was reached at an NaCl concentration of 0.1%, this is in agreement with scientific research which states that bacteria grow best in an environment with a low salt concentration. On the other hand, it was revealed that optimal growth was reached during conditions of no aeration, which is contradictive to the idea that aeration provides important stimulation to bacteria (Mattick 1940). As for Prodigiosin production, results stayed in agreement with optimal growth, with the exception of aeration. It was revealed that the rate of Prodigiosin production experienced an increase during conditions of aeration. Difficulties that may have impacted the results of this experiment were kept at a minimum, and if any occurred, they were minor. For example, groups relied on each other to relay correct information throughout the experiment, and since each group had a different environmental condition, it was nearly impossible to indicate whether the information being relayed was correct. If a group made a slight mistake or accidentally relayed the wrong information, it is unlikely that the error would have been caught and corrected, which could result in possible errors and inaccuracies in the end. With the exception of the oxygen requirement, the growth results obtained in this experiment support the findings by others based on the literature research. As mentioned, temperature, pH, carbon sources, and salinity are in agreement with the results of others. The Prodigiosin production results are the most supportive of the findings of others, as every environmental factor is in agreement with that of other scientific data, while in the growth section, aeration was the only one that separated from a common trend in thought. In order to enhance Prodigiosin production, it would be important to increase the amount of S. Marcescens used in this laboratory experiment. The more S. Marcescens we are able to use, the more Prodigiosin production will occur, and likely the results will become more accurate. In order to continue working on this project, it would be wise to consider adding more environmental factors and to further test the ones that have already been used. For instance, it would be a good idea to test more temperatures other than the three that are being used, and to test more pH values than the current three. All conditions can be expanded on, and it would provide more information and accurate details to expand more on each one. Other nutritional requirements such as energy source, nitrogen source, and mineral source would be interesting to look at since they all provide important chemical nutrients, and by doing this, we would be able to determine more accurately the effects of the current nutritional requirements. Works Cited Blamire, John. Properties of Microbes. BIOdotEDU, 2000, www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/CellBio/Growth/MGpH.html. Herra, Celine, and Frederick Falkiner. Serratia Marcescens. Brief History of Bacillus Anthracis, www.antimicrobe.org/b26.asp. Ketola, Tarmo, and Teppo Hiltunen. Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, Oct. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242574/. Mattick, A. T. R., et al. AN INSULATED BOX FOR THE CARRIAGE OF MILK SAMPLES. Wiley Online Library, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 11 Mar. 2008, www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1940.tb03933.x. Prodigiosin. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Prodigiosin. Wagner, Al B. Bacterial Food Poisoning | Food Technology Processing. Wine Cup, 2008, aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/food-technology/bacterial-food-poisoning/.

Human Trafficking A Global Phenomenon That Does Not...

What can be done to Combating Human Trafficking? Human trafficking is a global phenomenon that does not recognize national borders. Realizing the serious consequences of the human toll, the U.S government has spent $55 million in 50 countries on anti-trafficking programs designed to help indigenous non-government organizations and, international organizations law enforcements officials and foreign governments prevent human trafficking, and restore victims to society. If human trafficking is going to be stopped, there is a need for better and stronger immigration practices. For example, Asian gangs involved in human trafficking have found ways to exploit the â€Å"holes† in U.S immigration law to send their victims to the United States.†¦show more content†¦If serious help is to be given toward combating human trafficking, certain characteristics must be realized. For instance, human trafficking is constructed as a different sort of problem by a variety of social act ors, agencies and institutions. Non governmental organizations (NGOs) tend to construct it as a problem of human rights abuses, while government agencies such as the police and the immigration service construct it either as a problem of organized crime or a problem of illegal immigration. Anti-trafficking policies should remain cognizant of the economic social and political roots of human trafficking. The current economic structures, including bilateral trade policy and structural adjustment programs are stacked against the interest of non-industrialized nations, creating a situation where citizens will take incredible risks to escape poverty. Today, the United States is increasingly becoming an unwary partner in the sex trafficking of women and children. In response, the United States has been a global leader in a war against human trafficking. They provide model legislation and minimum standards to ensure that victimization by the hands of traffickers end. The United States over the years has refused to classify itself although it has placed other countries into Tiers depending on the intensity of their mode to

Case Study and Lecture Notes about the Wipro Consulting Services

Question: Write about theCase Studyfor Wipro Consulting Services. Answer: Introduction Development of IT consultancy industry is significantly viewed to expand global market occupancy. In order to understand the concept in much more depth, present work is undertaken on analyzing the provided case study of Wipro Consulting Service (WCS). Strategic planning is considered to be crucial due to ever growing market needs and rivalry firms thereby strengthens ones competitive edge for securing better market areas. Expanding globally is considered difficult as acquiring the major customer portion is required to be made so effectively. Strategic planning is therefore being regarded as one of the key area by which organization can attempt to gain the notions fulfilled in emerging as global market leader through the complete utilization of its potential resources. WCS Leadership in Developing its own Identity, Committing Resources to Scale up and Developing its Own Model for Global Delivery As analyzed from the provided case study, WCS has been successfully able to establish its manpower strength by the end of 2008 to about more than 1200 employees (Chandhana Easow, 2015). Development of leadership aspect in the organization was enabled by focusing majorly on strategic business consulting services that helped in streamlining in processes. They provided set of providing targets whereby efforts are laid down only on technology and global outsourcing aspects. In order to scale up its committing resources, WCS have majorly focused on proposition development organizations. The cited company has worked on offering application software and IT infrastructure based services to its clients. WCS like other firms have worked on Global Delivery Model (GDM) which refers to the process of providing solutions to the problems through its universal passages. This is inclusive of near and offs shore services, on site, and all across the universe (Bansal Gaur, 2015). The rationale behind this approach is just to make the customers aware about its long term and sustainable relationship in regards to standard consulting services required. Discussing WCS Focus on Various Dimensions Branding and Positioning Branding is defined as the component where companies are required to present their product and service in manner that serve advantage to raise better value than the other competitors in the market. As revealed from the provided case study, top management leaders of the WCS had viewed innovation as the key focus in gaining growth feature. Furthermore, it has been analyzed that offering quality IT services is the chief reason why Wipro has been able to set the milestone for emerging as process oriented and focused towards its functional and operational dominance. Scaling Emerging the global configuration in the international market by WCS was not an easy step rather it is a strategic procedure of delivering better prospectus than existing competitors. On the deep analysis of the given case study, it has been examined that there are three major areas which can be worked upon by WCS to lead towards scaling process. Innovation, global delivering capabilities and provided integrated solution at the global level is the key aspect which enables the firm to gain heights (Lal, 2015). By using innovation as its strategic planning process, value proposition could be gained. Secondly, when services are packaged in integrated way, customers will become more attracted and appealed to use of services. Lastly, as believed by another management leader, working on strategic way to establish its organizational structure may prove efficient in further development and growth. Product Differentiation from Competitors On studying the provided case study, it has been evaluated that WCS should follow niche as its desirable strategy. Due to high level of development and growth in IT sector, there has been examined many international brands such as IBM, Accenture, Sapient etc. Developing its own brand and image in the industry is recognized by working on products and services (Ditizio Smith, 2016). Furthermore, it has been evaluated that WCS, in order to experience the IT sector in more effective way have occupied emphasis on product designing strategy. This is the reason why firm has proved successful in offering global integrated deliveries in the international market. WCS Reexamining the Global Delivery Model In an order to study the global delivery model, there is first significant to understand the fact how Wipro Consultancy Service Company has adopted the same. The major reason why Wipro has undertaken this model is just offshore its inner and outer capabilities in the market (Kishore et.al., 2014). Through adoption of global delivery existence, WCS has been able to rank itself in the market. This is just due to its major focus on dimensions (Chatterjee, 2014). These are market existence, current offerings and planning in the form of strategy formulation and execution. The major areas which are highly considered in Wipros future expansion and international widespread is to infuse innovation element in its IT consultancy based technology and management system. This ensures customers to have safe investment thereby assure to have effective market occupancy in both domestic as well as in international market. In order to provide the consulting services in the global market and area, WCS found the involvement of Global competitors participation as 90% in the market. After identifying the prominent growth of competitive IT companies, WCS has realized on reexamining its global delivery system (Kumari, 2015). Through the same, WCS started working on its core competencies where they seek assistance from foreign markets and team for gaining international support. The rationale behind the same is to acquire the core competencies. Secondly, they had set an effective IT based settlement where clients were offered features such as scalability, flexibility and security to fulfill the global delivery experience. Reexamining the global delivery model serves majorly the purpose to meet the various benefits. Through the same, WCS enable to reduce the mitigated risk, productivity aspects as for Wipro, it is to enhancing its consultancy measures, working effectively on evaluating cost benefit measures and lastly on accessing best practices to occupy place in international market. Illustrating the Strategy for Long Term Perspective Business Relationships Developing long term relationship in the global market arena is regarded as another crucial aspect. The rationale behind the same is just to form the better and loyal bonding with the clients in the long run (Chowhan, 2013). The stated task becomes very tough when there is entrance of many business organizations who flourished in the same industry and sector under similar market offerings. IT industry has been showing incredible transformation over years and years due to technology and rising customer expectations. In such regards, customer retention is aspect which is viewed as the major focused subject (Sindhu, 2014). Wipro has also infused various efforts in building long term business relationships in the worldwide markets. They believe in social relationships and customer feedback as the major and valuable segment. By following matrix framework, Wipro successfully interacts with its customers thereby effectively understand the client and partner bonding (Narang, Goswami Sharma, 2016). This is carried forward by management of the organization by facilitating regular feedbacks, meetings and schedules, client visit, etc. Wipros major focus is examined in viewing the customer relationship through a framework. The Customer Centricity structure is adopted by WCS which refers to the mechanism of paying attention to the voice of customers. This is done at all levels of the users; be it primary, project, program, or account (Cutler, 2015). Through this strategy, the customers interaction with Wipro is made on account of processes such as Annual CSAT, Quarterly Pulse Survey, etc. Through the same, investigation is made on brand acknowledgment, anticipation and belief of buyer or service users, etc. Long term relationship and belief of customer is understood by Wipro by using the Customer Advocacy Group (CAG). Through the same, the rationale behind the same is to have part of quality development where customer satisfaction is raised by bringing improvement measures in the organization (Tara, Singh Kumar, 2015). The major purpose of building this group is to ensure early warning system that addresses concerns and problems towards major issues. Through CAG strategy, escalations of the customers are met with effective and timely solutions. This ensures customers for building long term connection and association with the Wipro Consultancy Service (WCS) Company. Conclusion Through the present work, case study on Wipro Consultancy Service has been analyzed. This has led to provide opportunity to explore various major areas that Wipro undertake to emerge as market leaders. It has been explored that major market share undertaken by WCS is through its Global Delivery Model. Along with the same, it has been found that in order to gain the competitive edge in connection to its respective competitors, building of long term relationship at global level is generated by various ways such as CAG etc. References Bansal, R., Gaur, P. (2015). Corporate culture in IndiaA critical analysis of Satyam Computers Services Ltd. ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 5(3), 106-116. Chandhana, K., Easow, D. T. (2015). Performance Appraisal Method Used in Top 10 IT Companies-360 Degree Feedback Balanced Score Card: A Review. Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, 5(2), 73. Chatterjee, C. (2014). Innovation and internationalisation in the Indian software industry: WiproGoing forward: Interview with Rishad Premji, Chief Strategy Officer, Wipro Limited. IIMB Management Review, 26(1), 59-64. Chowhan, P. K. (2013). Supply Chain Planning Framework for Industrial Gas Producer.Behaviour, 4(2). Cutler, A. (2015). Case Studies on Leading Employer Practices for Employment of People with Disabilities in India (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University). Ditizio, A. A., Smith, A. D. (2016). Transformation of CRM and Supply Chain Management Techniques in a New Venture. Organizational Productivity and Performance Measurements Using Predictive Modeling and Analytics, 96. Kishore, R., Arora, S., Desiraju, R., Kumar, K. R., Nibhanupudi, S., Thyagarajan, B. (2014, May). Industry panel: globalization of IT work. In CPR (pp. 3-4). Kumari, K. V. (2015). Adaptive Capability of HR towards Revival and Transformation of Industry. Journal of Organisation and Human Srinivasan, R. (2014). Foundations of Technology Management. In Strategic Business Decisions (pp. 241-256). Springer India. Lal, K. (2015). Effects of Ethical Behaviour on Corporate Performance. CLEAR International Journal of Research in Management, Sciences Technology, 5(10). Narang, M. G. G. S., Goswami, P., Sharma, D. (2016). Best HR Practices in the Corporate Sector and the Indian Armed Forces: A Comparative Study. Sindhu, S. (2014). CORPORATE CYBER REPORTING: A STUDY OF INVESTOR RELATIONS PRACTICES. International Journal of Applied Financial Management Perspectives, 3(1), 825. Tara, K., Singh, S., Kumar, R. (2015). Green marketing: The new strategic imperative by firms in India. Indian Journal of Marketing, 45(7), 19-34.